HISTORIC JULY

The following historic events happened in July

 

1 July.	1838	British scientist Charles Darwin presented a paper to the Linnean Society in London, on his theory of the evolution of species and natural selection.
2 July.	1644	Oliver Cromwell defeated Prince Rupert at the Battle of Marston Moor, his first victory over the Royalists in the English Civil War.
3 July.	1996	It was confirmed that the Stone of Scone, the symbol of the Scottish nation taken by Edward I of England in 1296, was to be returned to Scotland from Westminster Abbey where it has been used in the coronation of 30 British monarchs.
4 July.	1776	Congress accepted the Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson, formally ending American links with Britain.
5 July.	1791	George Hammond was appointed the first British ambassador to the USA.
6 July.	1535	Former favourite of King Henry VIII Sir Thomas More was executed after refusing to recognise the King as the head of the Church.
7 July.	1307	English King Edward I, conqueror of Wales and "Hammer of the Scots" dies on the way to Scotland to fight  Robert the Bruce.
8 July.	1822	Leading romantic poet Percy  Bysshe Shelley drowned in the Bay of Spezia, when his boat sunk in a storm.
9 July.	1887	The inaugural Lawn Tennis Championship was played on top of the croquet lawns at Wimbledon, Spencer W Gore taking the men's singles title.
10 July.	138	Death of the Roman Emperor Hadrian who ordered the building of a wall across northern England to keep out the barbarian Scottish tribes.
11 July.	1690	Deposed Roman Catholic King of England James II was defeated by the current king, William III or William of Orange, at the river Boyne, Ireland.
12 July.	1910	British pilot Charles Stewart Rolls, 33, died after his French built biplane crashed at a flying competition in Bournemouth. He was a partner in the Rolls-Royce car manufacturing company.
13 July.	1923	The British parliament passes a law banning the sale of alcohol to under-18's.
14 July.	1858	Birthday of Emmeline Pankhurst, English suffragette who suffered imprisonment in order to gain the vote for women.
15 July.	1857	200 British men, women and children are chopped up by local butchers and thrown down a well at Cawnpore, as the Indian Mutiny continues.
16 July.	1557	Death, from natural causes, of Anne of Cleves, fourth wife of Henry VIII.
17 July.	1453	French troops defeat the English at Castillon, effectively ending the Hundred Years' War. Calais remains under British control.
18 July.	1920	750,000 war dead are commemorated with the unveiling of a new national monument in Whitehall. The Cenotaph takes its name from the Greek words kenos and taphos meaning empty tomb.
19 July.	1545	King Henry VIII looks on as his newly refitted flagship the Mary Rose sinks in the Solent, off England's south coast, with the loss of 700 lives.
20 July.	1588	The Spanish Armada consisting of 130 warships set sail for England from Corunna, a day later than expected due to a storm.
21 July.	1969	The Eagle lands on the moon and US astronaut Neil Armstrong is the first man in history to walk on its powdery surface.
22 July.	1946	More than a year after the end of World War Two, bread is rationed in Britain. The shortage is blamed upon a poor harvest and drought.
23 July.	1940	The Local Defence Volunteers changes its name to the Home Guard. The one million-strong force, which includes many WWI veterans, is intended to form Britain's last line of defence against the expected German invasion.
24 July.	1567	Mary Queen of Scots abdicates after defeat by the Protestants at Carberry Hill.
25 July.	1814	The chief engineer at the Killingworth colliery, George Stevenson, unveils Blutcher, a steam powered locomotive that can haul eight carriages loaded with 30 tons of coal at the break-neck speed of 4 mph.
26 July.	1978	The worlds first test-tube baby is born in Oldham General Hospital near Manchester. Gynecologist Patrick Steptoe and physiologist Dr Robert Edwards are credited with this pioneering work.
27 July.	1953	The Korean war is formally ended with the signing of a peace agreement at Panmunjom. The three year conflict has consumed an estimated five million lives.
28 July.	1540	A busy day for King Henry VIII as he has Thomas Cromwell beheaded and then goes on to marry Catherine Howard.
29 July.	1588	The Spanish Amada is sighted off the coast of Cornwall. The English fleet under the command of Charles Howard and Francis Drake set sail from Plymouth, to establish the birth of British naval supremacy.
30 July.	1966	England win the Jules Rimet trophy, football's World Cup, at Wembley Stadium after beating Germany 4-2 in extra time.
31 July.	1667	The Second Anglo-Dutch War ends with the peace of Breda. The Dutch acknowledge the loss of Delaware and New Jersey, New Amsterdam is renamed New York.

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